%%
%% 
%%
%%
%% This `plos2015.bst' file is intended for use in PLOS submissions to 
%% correctly compile the bibliography according to the PLOS manuscript 
%% guidelines updated January 2015.
%% 
%%
%% This is derived from the `vancouver.bst' bibliographic style file (for 
%% LaTeX/BibTeX), generated with the docstrip utility and modified manually
%% to meet the
%% ``Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals''
%% as published in N Engl J Med 1997;336:309-315.
%% (also known as the Vancouver style)
%% This specification may be found on the web page of the
%% International Committe of Medical Journal Editors:
%%
%% http://www.icmje.org
%%
%%-------------------------------------------------------------------
%%
%% Copyright 2004  Folkert van der Beek
%%
%% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2005/12/01 or later.
%%
%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status `maintained'.
%% 
%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Folkert van der Beek.
%%
%% Complaints, suggestions and comments may be sent to
%%
%% Folkert van der Beek <folkertvanderbeek at gmail dot com>
%%
%%-------------------------------------------------------------------
%%
%% This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH
%% This is a numerical citation style, and as such is standard LaTeX.
%% It requires no extra package to interface to the main text.
%% The form of the \bibitem entries is
%%   \bibitem{key}...
%% Usage of \cite is as follows:
%%   \cite{key} ==>>          [#]
%%   \cite[chap. 2]{key} ==>> [#, chap. 2]
%% where # is a number determined by the ordering in the reference list.
%% The order in the reference list is that by which the works were originally
%%   cited in the text, or that in the database.
 %
%% To change the reference numbering system from [1] to 1,
%% put the following code in the preamble:
%% \makeatletter % Reference list option change
%% \renewcommand\@biblabel[1]{#1} % from [1] to 1
%% \makeatother %
%%
%%---------------------------------------------------------------------

%% List of all possible fields
ENTRY
  { address
    assignee     % for patents
    author
    booktitle    % for articles in books
    chapter      % for incollection, esp. internet documents
    cartographer % for maps
    day
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution  % for technical reports
    inventor     % for patents
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    part
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    word
    year
    eprint % urlbst
    doi % urlbst
    url % urlbst
    lastchecked % urlbst
    updated % urlbst
  }
  {}
  { label }
%% Declaration of integer variables
INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
STRINGS { urlintro doiprefix } % urlbst...
INTEGERS { hrefform addeprints adddoiresolver }
% Following constants may be adjusted by hand, if desired
FUNCTION {init.config.constants}
{
  "Available from: " 'urlintro := % prefix before URL
  "doi:" 'doiprefix := % text prefix printed before DOI ref
  #0 'addeprints := % 0=no eprints; 1=include eprints
  #0 'adddoiresolver := % 0=no DOI resolver; 1=include it
  #0 'hrefform := % 0=no crossrefs; 1=hypertex xrefs; 2=hyperref refs
}
INTEGERS { 
  bracket.state
  outside.brackets
  open.brackets
  within.brackets
  close.brackets
}
% ...urlbst to here
FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'outside.brackets := % urlbst
  #1 'open.brackets :=
  #2 'within.brackets :=
  #3 'close.brackets :=

  #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.sentence :=
  #3 'after.block :=
}
%% Declaration of string variables
STRINGS { s t}

% urlbst
FUNCTION {output.nonnull.original}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence =
    { ". " * write$ }
    { output.state after.block =
        { add.period$ write$
          newline$
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
            'write$
            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
          if$
        }
      if$
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
  s
}

% urlbst...
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ % Save the thing we've been asked to output
  's :=
  % If the bracket-state is close.brackets, then add a close-bracket to
  % what is currently at the top of the stack, and set bracket.state
  % to outside.brackets
  bracket.state close.brackets =
    { "]" *
      outside.brackets 'bracket.state :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$
  bracket.state outside.brackets =
    { % We're outside all brackets -- this is the normal situation.
      % Write out what's currently at the top of the stack, using the
      % original output.nonnull function.
      s
      output.nonnull.original
    }
    { % Still in brackets.  Add open-bracket or (continuation) comma, add the
      % new text (in s) to the top of the stack, and move to the close-brackets
      % state, ready for next time (unless inbrackets resets it).  If we come
      % into this branch, then output.state is carefully undisturbed.
      bracket.state open.brackets =
        { " [" * }
        { ", " * } % bracket.state will be within.brackets
      if$ 
      s * 
      close.brackets 'bracket.state :=
    }
  if$
}

% Call this function just before adding something which should be presented in 
% brackets.  bracket.state is handled specially within output.nonnull.
FUNCTION {inbrackets}
{ bracket.state close.brackets =
    { within.brackets 'bracket.state := } % reset the state: not open nor closed
    { open.brackets 'bracket.state := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.lastchecked}
{ lastchecked empty$
    { "" }
    { updated empty$
      { inbrackets "cited " lastchecked * }
      { inbrackets "updated " updated * "; cited " * lastchecked * }
    if$
    }
  if$
}
% ...urlbst to here

FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ 
  bracket.state close.brackets = % urlbst
    { "]" * }
    'skip$
  if$
   add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}

FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
    'skip$
    { output.state before.all =
        'skip$
        { after.sentence 'output.state := }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {add.blank}
{  " " * before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {no.blank.or.punct}
{  "" * before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {add.semicolon}
{
  ";" *
  no.blank.or.punct
}

FUNCTION {date.block}
{
  "." *
  no.blank.or.punct
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%            LOGICAL `NOT', `AND', AND `OR'                 %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Logical 'not':
% If the first element on the stack is A then this function
% does the following:
%     push { #0 }
%     push { #1 }
% So now the first 3 elements of the stack are
%     { #1 } { #0 } A
% The first 3 are popped and subjected to 'if':
% If A > 0 then { #0 } is executed, else { #1 } is executed:
%     if A > 0
%     then 0
%     else 1
% So consider integers as logicals, where 1 = true and 0 = false,
% then this does
%     (if A then false else true)
% which is a logical 'not'.

FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Logical 'and':
% If the first 2 elements on the stack are A B
% then this function does the following:
%     push 'skip$
%     push { pop$ #0 }
% So now first 4 elements are
%     { pop$ #0 } 'skip$ A B
% The first 3 are popped and subjected to 'if' (B is on top of
% the stack):
% If A > 0 then 'skip$ is executed, else { pop$ #0 } is executed:
%     if A > 0
%     then (B stays on top of stack)
%     else (B is popped and #0 is pushed)
% So consider integers as logicals, where 1 = true and 0 = false,
% then this does
%     (if A then B else false)
% which is a logical 'and'.

FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Logical 'or':
% If the first 2 elements on the stack are A B
% then this function does the following:
%     push { pop$ #1 }
%     push 'skip$
% So now first 4 elements are
%     'skip$ { pop$ #1 } A B
% The first 3 are popped and subjected to 'if' (B is on top of
% the stack):
% If A > 0 then { pop$ #1 } is executed, else 'skip$ is executed:
%     if A > 0
%     then (B is popped and #1 is pushed)
%     else (B stays on top of stack)
% So consider integers as logicals, where 1 = true and 0 = false,
% then this does
%     (if A then true else B)
% which is a logical 'or'.

FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%  GENERAL PURPOSE FUNCTIONS FOR FORMATTING                 %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% issues warning if field is empty
% call with
%    "field"  field  warning.if.empty
% Note that the first field must be between quotes
% because it is the fieldname for use in the warning message.
%

FUNCTION {warning.if.empty}
{ empty$
    { "No "  swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    { pop$ }
  if$
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    %
    % encloses string in pre- and postfix string
    % call with
    %    prefix postfix  S  enclose.check
    % delivers empty string if S empty
    %
FUNCTION {enclose.check}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ pop$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { swap$ * * }
  if$
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
% emphasizes top of stack
% call with
%    string" emphasize.check
%

FUNCTION {emphasize.check}
{ "\Bem{" swap$
  "}"     swap$
  enclose.check
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    %
    % brackets top of stack
    % call with
    %     "string" bracket.check
    %
FUNCTION {bracket.check}
{ "[" swap$
  "]" swap$
  enclose.check
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    %
    % parenthesizes top of stack
    % call with
    %     "string" parenthesize
    %
FUNCTION {parenthesize.check}
{ "(" swap$
  ")" swap$
  enclose.check
}

STRINGS {z}

FUNCTION {remove.dots}
{ 'z :=	% expects string on top of the stack, pops the string and assigns it to variable z
  "" % push empty string
  { z empty$ not } % returns 0 if variable z is empty
  { z #1 #1 substring$ % push the first character of variable z
    z #2 global.max$ substring$ 'z := % assigns the 2nd to last character of variable z to variable z
    duplicate$ "\" = % pushes 1 if the last character is "\", otherwise 0
    { * % concatenates the last 2 literals
      z #1 #1 substring$ % push the first character of variable z
      z #2 global.max$ substring$ 'z := % assigns the 2nd to last character of variable z to variable z
      * % concatenates the last 2 literals, i.e. every character, even a dot, following a "\" will be printed
    }
    { duplicate$ "." = % pushes 1 if the last character is ".", otherwise 0
      'pop$ %  pushes the pop$ function 
      { * } % concatenates the last 2 literals
    if$ % pops the last character if it is a dot, otherwise concatenates it with the string on top of the stack
    }
    if$
  }
  while$
}

INTEGERS {l}
FUNCTION{string.length}
{
  #1 'l :=
  { duplicate$ duplicate$ #1 l substring$ = not }
    { l #1 + 'l := }
  while$
  pop$ l
}

STRINGS {replace find text}
INTEGERS {find_length}
FUNCTION {find.replace}
{ 
  'replace :=
  'find :=
  'text :=
  find string.length 'find_length :=
  ""
    { text empty$ not }
    { text #1 find_length substring$ find =
      {
        replace *
        text #1 find_length + global.max$ substring$ 'text :=
      }
      { text #1 #1 substring$ *
        text #2  global.max$ substring$ 'text :=
      }
    if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}

FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ skip$ }

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$
}

FUNCTION {capitalize}
{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}
{ " " swap$ * " " * }

 % Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.
 % Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.
 % The language selected here is ENGLISH

FUNCTION {bbl.and}
{ "and"}

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}
{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}
{ "editors" }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}
{ "editor" }

FUNCTION {bbl.cartographers}
{ "cartographers" }

FUNCTION {bbl.cartographer}
{ "cartographer" }

FUNCTION {bbl.inventors}
{ "inventors" }

FUNCTION {bbl.inventor}
{ "inventor" }

FUNCTION {bbl.assignees}
{ "assignees" }

FUNCTION {bbl.assignee}
{ "assignee" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edby}
{ "edited by" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}
{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}
{ "vol." }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}
{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.nr}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}
{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}
{ " p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}
{ " p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}
{ "chap." }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}
{ "Tech. Rep." }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}
{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}
{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.first}
{ "1st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.second}
{ "2nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.third}
{ "3rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fourth}
{ "4th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fifth}
{ "5th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.st}
{ "st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nd}
{ "nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.rd}
{ "rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.th}
{ "th" }

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}

MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}

MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}

MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}

MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}

MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}

MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}

MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}

MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}

MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}

FUNCTION {eng.ord}
{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ *
  #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =
     { bbl.th * }
     { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$
       duplicate$ "1" =
         { pop$ bbl.st * }
         { duplicate$ "2" =
             { pop$ bbl.nd * }
             { "3" =
                 { bbl.rd * }
                 { bbl.th * }
               if$
             }
           if$
          }
       if$
     }
   if$
}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      pop$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ pop$
        }
        { swap$
          pop$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$
        }
        { swap$
          pop$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

STRINGS  { bibinfo}
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 'bibinfo :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
  "." ". " find.replace 's :=
  "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{vv~}{ll}{ f{}}{ jj}"
      format.name$
      remove.dots
      bibinfo bibinfo.check
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          nameptr #6
          #1 + =
          numnames #6
          > and
            { "others" 't :=
              #1 'namesleft := }
            'skip$
          if$
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              "," *
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                { " " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
  } if$
}

FUNCTION {format.names.org}
{ 'bibinfo :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
  's :=
  "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}"
      format.name$
      bibinfo bibinfo.check
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { "; " * t * }
            {
              ";" *
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                { " " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
  } if$
}

FUNCTION {format.names.ed}
{
  format.names
}

FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ 
  author "author" format.names
  %%"." " " "author" find.replace format.names
}

FUNCTION {format.organizations}
{ organization "organization" format.names.org
}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {get.bbl.cartographer}
{ cartographer num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.cartographers 'bbl.cartographer if$ }

FUNCTION {get.bbl.inventor}
{ inventor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.inventors 'bbl.inventor if$ }

FUNCTION {get.bbl.assignee}
{ assignee num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.assignees 'bbl.assignee if$ }

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "," *
      " " *
      get.bbl.editor
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.assignees}
{ assignee "assignee" format.names.org duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "," *
      " " *
      get.bbl.assignee
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.cartographers}
{ cartographer "cartographer" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "," *
      " " *
      get.bbl.cartographer
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.inventors}
{ inventor "inventor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "," *
      " " *
      get.bbl.inventor
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.note}
{
 note empty$
    { "" }
    { note #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "{" =
        'skip$
        { output.state mid.sentence =
          { "l" }
          { "u" }
        if$
        change.case$
        }
      if$
      note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title
%%duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
%%  { "t" change.case$ }
%%if$
  "title" bibinfo.check
}

FUNCTION {format.type}
{ type empty$
    'skip$
    { inbrackets type }
    %%{ add.blank "[" type * "]" * }
  if$
}


FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ outside.brackets 'bracket.state := % urlbst
   newline$
  "\bibitem{" write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{
  't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {word.in}
{ bbl.in capitalize
  ":" *
  " " * }

FUNCTION {format.journal.date}
{
  ""
  duplicate$ empty$
  year  "year"  bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    {
      swap$ 'skip$
      { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
      *
    }
    { swap$ 'skip$
        {
          " " * swap$
        }
      if$
      *
      remove.dots
    }
  if$
  duplicate$ empty$
    'skip$
    {
      before.all 'output.state :=
    after.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.date}
{
  no.blank.or.punct
  ";" 
  duplicate$ empty$
  year  "year"  bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    { swap$ 'skip$
        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
      *
    }
    { swap$ 'skip$
        {
          swap$
          " " * swap$
        }
      if$
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix
      "volume" bibinfo.check * *
      series "series" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        { swap$ bbl.of space.word * swap$
          emphasize * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { series empty$
            { number "number" bibinfo.check }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { bbl.number }
            { bbl.number capitalize }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * *
          bbl.in space.word *
          series "series" bibinfo.check *
        }
      if$
    }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {is.num}
{ chr.to.int$
  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not
  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and
}

FUNCTION {extract.num}
{ duplicate$ 't :=
  "" 's :=
  { t empty$ not }
  { t #1 #1 substring$
    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
    duplicate$ is.num
      { s swap$ * 's := }
      { pop$ "" 't := }
    if$
  }
  while$
  s empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$ s }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {convert.edition}
{ extract.num "l" change.case$ 's :=
  s "first" = s "1" = or
    { bbl.first 't := }
    { s "second" = s "2" = or
        { bbl.second 't := }
        { s "third" = s "3" = or
            { bbl.third 't := }
            { s "fourth" = s "4" = or
                { bbl.fourth 't := }
                { s "fifth" = s "5" = or
                    { bbl.fifth 't := }
                    { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num
                        { s eng.ord 't := }
                        { edition 't := }
                      if$
                    }
                  if$
                }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
  t
}

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      convert.edition
      output.state mid.sentence =
        { "l" }
        { "t" }
      if$ change.case$
      "edition" bibinfo.check
      " " * bbl.edition *
    }
  if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}

FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { duplicate$ multi.page.check
        {
          bbl.pages swap$
          n.dashify
        }
        {
          bbl.page swap$
        }
      if$
      tie.or.space.prefix
      "pages" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
    { swap$ duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ pop$ format.pages }
        {
          ":" *
          swap$
          n.dashify
          "pages" bibinfo.check
          *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.vol.num}
{ volume field.or.null
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "volume" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
  number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      swap$ duplicate$ empty$
        { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }
        'skip$
      if$
      swap$
      "(" swap$ * ")" *
    }
  if$ *
}

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "volume" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
  number "number" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      swap$ duplicate$ empty$
        { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }
        'skip$
      if$
      swap$
      "(" swap$ * ")" *
    }
  if$ *
  format.journal.pages
}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    'format.pages
    { type empty$
        { bbl.chapter }
		{ type "l" change.case$
		  "type" bibinfo.check
		}
	      if$
	      chapter tie.or.space.prefix
	      "chapter" bibinfo.check
	      * *
	      pages empty$
		'skip$
		{ ", " * format.pages * }
	      if$
	    }
	  if$
	}

	FUNCTION {format.booktitle}
	{
	  booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check
	}

	FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
	{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
	    {
	      editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
		{
		  "," *
		  " " *
		  get.bbl.editor
		  ". " *
		  * swap$
		  * }
	      if$
	      word.in swap$ *
	    }
	  if$
	}

	FUNCTION {format.in.ed.title}
	{ format.title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
	    {
	      editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
		{
		  "," *
		  " " *
		  get.bbl.editor
		  ". " *
		  * swap$
		  * }
	      if$
	      word.in swap$ *
	    }
	  if$
	}

	FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
	{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
	  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
	  and and and and and
	    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
	    'skip$
	  if$
	}
	FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
	{ type duplicate$ empty$
	    'pop$
	    { swap$ pop$
	      "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{
    number "number" bibinfo.check
  %%type duplicate$ empty$
    %%{ pop$ bbl.techrep }
    %%'skip$
  %%if$
  %%"type" bibinfo.check
  %%swap$ duplicate$ empty$
    %%{ pop$ "t" change.case$ }
    %%{ tie.or.space.prefix * * }
  %%if$
}

FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}
{ 't :=
  ""
  address empty$ t empty$ and
    'skip$
    {
      address "address" bibinfo.check *
      t empty$
        'skip$
        { address empty$
            'skip$
            { ": " * }
          if$
          t *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {format.organization.address}
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {format.institution.address}
{ institution "institution" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}


% urlbst...
% Functions for making hypertext links.
% In all cases, the stack has (link-text href-url)
%
% make 'null' specials
FUNCTION {make.href.null}
{
  pop$
}
% make hypertex specials
FUNCTION {make.href.hypertex}
{ 
  "\special {html:<a href=" quote$ *
  swap$ * quote$ * "> }" * swap$ *
  "\special {html:</a>}" *
}
% make hyperref specials
FUNCTION {make.href.hyperref}
{ 
  "\href {" swap$ * "} {" * swap$ * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {make.href}
{ hrefform #2 =
    'make.href.hyperref      % hrefform = 2
    { hrefform #1 =
        'make.href.hypertex  % hrefform = 1
        'make.href.null      % hrefform = 0 (or anything else)
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.url}
{ url empty$
    { "" }
      { hrefform #1 =
          { % special case -- add HyperTeX specials
            urlintro "\url{" url * "}" * url make.href.hypertex * }
          { urlintro "\url{" * url * "}" * }
       if$
     }
  if$
}

%FUNCTION {format.eprint}
%{ eprint empty$
%    { "" }
%    { eprintprefix eprint * eprinturl eprint * make.href }
%  if$
%}

FUNCTION {format.doi}
{ doi empty$
    { "" }
    {
      new.block
      "doi:{" doi * "}" *
    }
  if$
}

% Output a URL.  We can't use the more normal idiom (something like
% `format.url output'), because the `inbrackets' within
% format.lastchecked applies to everything between calls to `output',
% so that `format.url format.lastchecked * output' ends up with both
% the URL and the lastchecked in brackets.
FUNCTION {output.url}
{ url empty$
    'skip$ 
      { new.block 
      format.url output
      format.lastchecked output 
      }
  if$
}

%FUNCTION {output.web.refs}
%{
%  new.block
%  output.url
%  addeprints eprint empty$ not and
%    { format.eprint output.nonnull }
%    'skip$
%  if$
%  adddoiresolver doi empty$ not and
%    { format.doi output.nonnull }
%    'skip$
%  if$
%  addeprints
%    { eprint empty$
%        'skip$
%        { format.eprint output.nonnull }
%      if$
%    }
%    'skip$
%  if$
%}



% Webpage entry type.
% Title and url fields required;
% author, note, year, month, and lastchecked fields optional
STRINGS {database}
FUNCTION {webpage}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { editor empty$
        'skip$  % author and editor both optional
        { format.editors output.nonnull }
      if$
    }
    { editor empty$
        { format.authors output.nonnull }
        { "can't use both author and editor fields in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
    }
  if$
%  author empty$
%    'skip$
%    { format.authors output.nonnull }
%  if$
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  journal empty$
    {
      format.type "type"
      publisher empty$
        'skip$
        { format.publisher.address output }
      if$
      "database on the Internet" 'database :=
      type database =
        { format.journal.date "year" output.check }
        { format.date "year" output.check }
      if$
      lastchecked empty$
        'skip$
        { format.lastchecked output }
      if$
      new.block
      part empty$
        'skip$
        { part output }
      if$
      pages empty$
        'skip$
        { pages bracket.check output }
      if$
    }
    { journal
      remove.dots
      "journal" bibinfo.check
      "journal" output.check
      format.type "type"
      format.journal.date "year" output.check
      lastchecked empty$
        'skip$
        { format.lastchecked output
	  ";" no.blank.or.punct output
	}
      if$
      no.blank.or.punct format.vol.num output
      pages empty$
        'skip$
	{ ":" no.blank.or.punct output
	  no.blank.or.punct pages bracket.check output
	}
      if$
      new.block
    }
  if$
  format.url "url" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}
% ...urlbst to here

FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
%  format.editors "author and editor" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  type missing$
    { skip$ }
    { format.type "type" }
    %%{ inbrackets type output }
  if$
  new.block
%  format.publisher.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  new.block
  howpublished new.block.checka
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  output.url % urlbst
  fin.entry
  empty.misc.check
}

FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  organization empty$
    'skip$
    { author empty$
        {
          format.organizations "organization" output.check
	}
	{
	  "; " *
	  no.blank.or.punct
          format.organizations "organization" output.check
	}
      if$
    }
  if$
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  journal
  remove.dots
  "journal" bibinfo.check
  "journal" output.check
  format.journal.date "year" output.check
  add.semicolon
  format.vol.num.pages output
  new.block
  format.doi output
  new.block
%  format.note output
%  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { format.organizations "organization" output.check }
        { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
      if$
    } 
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      "author and editor" editor either.or.check
    }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  new.block
  format.edition output
  new.sentence
  author empty$ not
  editor empty$ not
  and
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
      'skip$
  if$
  format.number.series output
  format.publisher.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {booklet}
{ misc }

FUNCTION {dictionary}
{ output.bibitem
  format.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  new.block
  format.edition output
  new.sentence
  format.publisher.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  add.semicolon
%  add.blank
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  chapter "chapter" output.check
  new.block
  format.in.ed.title "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.edition output
  new.sentence
  format.number.series output
  format.publisher.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
%  add.blank
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.edition output
  new.sentence
  format.number.series output
  format.publisher.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
%  add.blank
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  new.sentence
  format.number.series output
  publisher empty$
    { format.organization.address output }
    { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
%  add.blank
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {conference}
{inproceedings}

FUNCTION {manual}
{misc}

FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  format.type "type" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{phdthesis}

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  editor empty$
    { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
    }
    { format.editors output.nonnull }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  editor empty$
    { publisher empty$
        'skip$
        {
          new.sentence
          format.number.series output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { publisher empty$
        {
          new.sentence
          format.organization.address output }
        {
          new.sentence
          organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
     }
  if$
      format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.institution.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {map}
{ output.bibitem
  format.cartographers "cartographer" output.check
  new.block
  format.title
  "title" output.check
  format.type "type"
  new.block
  format.publisher.address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {patent}
{ output.bibitem
  format.inventors "inventor" output.check
  "; " *
  no.blank.or.punct
  format.assignees "assignee" output.check
  new.block
  format.title
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
%  format.note output
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  format.date output
  new.block
%  format.note "note" output.check
  output.url  % urlbst
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
READ
STRINGS { longest.label }
INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
{ "" 'longest.label :=
  #1 'number.label :=
  #0 'longest.label.width :=
}
FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
  label width$ longest.label.width >
    { label 'longest.label :=
      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$
}
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" *
  write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.config.constants}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% End of customized bst file
%%
%% End of file `vancouver.bst'.
